Advantages vs Disadvantages in producing alcohol by fermentation and in industry.

Fermentation


Advantages:

• Raw material is renewable
• Does not create harmful gasses
• Little energy required

Disadvantages:

• Rate of reaction is slower
• Multiple stages
• More workers required to run process

Industrial

Advantages:

• Reaction is only one stage
• Much faster and more efficient

Disadvantages:

• It is not renewable
• Creates harmful gases
• More energy needed to produce

3.4 - I can recall the products of complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes.

1. Saturated hydrocarbons are called _____.
2. Small chain _____ are used as fuels.
3. The reaction is called _____.
4. The word equation for this chemical reaction is: fuel (_____) + _____ --> _____ + _____ + ENERGY (heart, light, sound)
5. If there is insufficient oxygen then the word equation is: fuel (_____) + _____ --> _____ + _____ + ENERGY (heart, light, sound)
6. The problem with this reaction is that _____ is produced. This gas is _____ to the human body (see objective 5.11)
7. Where can you find incomplete combustion?
8. What is used to reduce the harmful products from incomplete combustion?
9. During incomplete combustion a smoky flame is often seen, explain this observation.
10. Describe the two chemical tests for water.
11. Describe the chemical test for carbon dioxide gas.
12. Describe the physical test for water.
Extension. Write a balanced equation (with state symbols) for the combustion of propane gas:

3.2 & 3.3 - I can recall the general formula and displayed formula of Alkanes.

2. What is the general formula for Alkanes?
3. Describe and explain the boiling point.

Alkanes:


Methane (1 carbons), Ethane (2), Propane (3), Butane (4), Pentane (5

Annual Chemistry Exam 2011 Targets

• Read the question carefully (physical state, not value).
• Learn the observations of the reactions (potassium bromide + chlorine).
• Read the question carefully (word equation NOT symbol equation).
• Describe, in terms of electrons, when sodium reacts with oxygen.
• Protons in isotopes.
• Colour change in test for water.
• Outline how fractional distillation works.

5.13 - I can describe catalytic cracking of long-chain hydrocarbons.

a. What is cracking?


b. Why does it need to be carried out?


c. What is a catalyst?


d. What catalyst is used in this experiment?


e. What allows the liquid paraffin to break down into short-chain hydrocarbons?


d. Which important safety aspects should be carried out?


e. Why are the first bubbles not collected?


f. Why is the gas collected under water?

5.12 - I can recall the problems associated with the fractional distillation of crude oil.

a. When crude oil undergoes ________ ________ there are too many ________ chain hydrocarbons (eg ________) produced and not enough ________ chain hydrocarbons (eg ________).
b. To solve these problems the ________ chain hydrocarbons undergo a chemical reaction called ________. (see objective 5.13)

5.11 - I can recall how nitrogen oxides are formed in car engines.

a. Write the general equation for the combustion of a fuel.


b. During combustion the nitrogen in air can react to form which gases?


c. What condition is necessary for this reaction to take place?


d. In what common object is this condition found?


e. Why is the condition needed for nitrogen to react?


f. What are the dangers of the products from this reaction?